|
Postfeminism or post-feminism is a reaction against some perceived contradictions and absences of third-wave feminism. The term ''postfeminism'' is sometimes called "4th wave-feminism" as it focuses on smaller problems on the grounds of equality to men. It was historically used and sometimes is used today to pose a contrast with a prevailing or preceding feminism. Post-feminism is the next stage in progress towards society/culture free from the gender binary. A postfeminist is a person who believes in, promotes, or embodies any of various ideologies springing from the feminism of the 1970s. Post feminism can be considered as a critique on what is called ‘second wave feminism’. Post feminism critiques especially second wave’s binary thinking and essentialism, its vision on sexuality and its perception of the relationship between femininity and feminism. Post feminism, also links with post structuralism and post colonialism, often referred to as ‘women of color feminism’ (e.g. Hooks, 1996; Spivak, 1999), not only critiques the modernist aspect of second wave feminism, but also challenges imperialist and patriarchal frameworks. Traditional feminism perpetuates the idea of women as victims, while post feminism concentrates on idea of empowerment and liberation. Emphasis on choices and freedom of choice. ==History of the term== ''Postfeminism'' describes a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism. In 1919, a journal was launched by which "female literary radicals" stated "'we're interested in people now—not in men and women'", that "moral, social, economic, and political standards 'should not have anything to do with sex,'" that it would "be 'pro-woman without being anti-man,'" and that "their stance (called ) 'post-feminist.'"〔Cott, Nancy F., ''The Grounding of Modern Feminism'' (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, (printing? ) pbk 1987 (ISBN 0-300-04228-0)) (cloth ISBN 0-300-03892-5), p. 282 (author prof. American studies & history, Yale Univ.) (book is largely on U.S. feminism in 1910s–1920s) (n. 23 (at end) omitted) (n. 23 (in full): "23. ''Judy'' 1:1 (Jun. 1919); 2:3 (1919), n.p., SL." ("SL" in small capitals & abbreviating "The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts", per ''id.'', p. 285 (Abbreviations Used in Notes (Libraries)))).〕 One of the earliest modern uses of the term was in Susan Bolotin's 1982 article "Voices of the Post-Feminist Generation", published in ''New York Times Magazine''. This article was based on a number of interviews with women who largely agreed with the goals of feminism, but did not identify as feminists.〔Rosen, Ruth. The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America. New York: Viking, 2000, 275, 337.〕 The term was used in the 1980s to describe a backlash against second-wave feminism. It is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second wave's ideas.〔Wright, Elizabeth, ''Lacan and Postfeminism'' (Icon Books, 2000), ISBN 978-1-84046-182-4〕 Other postfeminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to today's society.〔Modleski, Tania. Feminism without Women: Culture and Criticism in a "Postfeminist" Age. New York: Routledge, 1991, 3.〕 Amelia Jones has written that the postfeminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity and were overly generalizing in their criticism.〔Jones, Amelia. "Postfeminism, Feminist Pleasures, and Embodied Theories of Art," New Feminist Criticism: Art, Identity, Action, Eds. Joana Frueh, Cassandra L. Langer and Arlene Raven. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. 16–41, 20.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Postfeminism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|